FOOD AND MEALS

  

Bible Study Resource

Food in the Bible sound dreary? Take a closer look. People were probably healthier than we are today. Try a recipe, and eat a biblical meal!

A Land of Milk and Honey

‘The usual Attic (ancient Greek) dinner consisted of two courses, the first a kind of porridge, and the second, a kind of porridge’ (Kitto, The Greeks). 

This may or may not be true. But the people of ancient Israel certainly ate better than that – maybe better than we do today. They had fresh, delicious food.  

Of course, rich people had more choice. But in Canaan even poor people could eat well. The land was blessed with figs, grapes, wine, honey, olives, fruit, barley, wheat and cattle – in fact, a land of milk and honey.   

ISRAELITE FOOD

‘For the How do we know about food in ancient times? There’s the Bible of course, but there are also other sources of information. The 10th century BC Gezer Calendar lists barley, wheat, spelt and millet among the grains, besides olives, grapes, figs, pomegranates, sesame and vegetables.   

The main source of supply was the householder’s own field, vineyard and vegetable garden – so all food was fresh, or processed on site. The staple food was bread, eaten with water and a little wine.   

Wine was something of a luxury, kept for a special meal or someone of importance.   

Milk and other dairy products were plentiful, supplemented by fruits and vegetables.   

A typical household’s daily diet was almost exclusively vegetarian. Except in the houses of the rich, meat appeared only at special times such as a wedding.   

Then, as now, drunkenness occurred. Genesis 29 hints that Jacob was easily fooled into having sexual intercourse with Leah because there has been a party beforehand; Judith deliberately gets Holofernes dead drunk so that she can slice off his head (Judith 13:2).   

David may have become Israel’s greatest king, but when he was young he was an unscrupulous rebel. One incident records him being given food supplies by a young woman, Abigail, who was in the process of jettisoning her rather boring husband and taking up with the handsome young David. The provisions she brought with her included wheat, barley, meal, parched grain, beans and lentils, honey and curds, and sheep and cheese from the herd.   

Listed like that they seem pretty boring, but in fact you could make a delicious assortment of food items including yogurt mixed with honey, melted bread and cheese, mixed fruit or vegetable loaves, and baked lamb. No wonder Abigail became David’s wife.   

Solomon was and his court in Jerusalem enjoyed a much more luxurious standard of living. Solomon’s provision for one day was thirty measures of fine flour and sixty measures of meal, ten fat oxen, and twenty pasture-fed cattle, a hundred sheep, besides harts, gazelles, roebucks and fatted fowl. And that was just the main course.   

GRAINS

Breadwas Israel’s staple food. It was made of flour, either of wheat or barley, ground in a hand mill or quern consisting of two stones. When ground, the flour might be coarse or fine. Flour was generally made into leavened bread, but at the time of Passover only unleavened bread was eaten.   

Instead of making bread, grain could also be eaten raw by rolling fresh ears in the hands to free the grain from the husks; there was a law that said you could pluck grain from your neighbor’s field, but not cut it with a sickle. When Jesus’ disciples were hungry, they picked ears of grain to eat raw in this fashion.   

Grain could might also be roasted or parched to produce a sort of popcorn. Boaz, besotted by Ruth, fed her with this when they were eating together in the fields.   

Vegetables or fruit could be mixed in with the dough to make a sort of sweetened fruit loaf – very like similar loaves in today’s bakeries.   

VEGETABLES

When the Hebrews fled from Egypt and followed Moses into the desert, they complained of the mean food they now had to eat, compared with the plentiful vegetables they had left behind them in Egypt: the cucumbers, the melons, the leeks, the onions and garlic.   

Since they were now nomadic wanderers, these items were no long available   

Many “bitter herbs” were picked in the fields. These included chicory and endives, radish, the mustard seed, mandrakes and many others, eaten raw or cooked.   

There were five kinds of herbs which might be used for the frugal Passover meal: lettuce, chicory, peppermint, snake root and dandelion.   

CONDIMENTS AND SPICES

Spiceswere seen as essential. Before the introduction of pepper seeds like coriander, black cummin, oregano or nigella, played an important part in recipes. Caperberries were eaten as an appetizer before meals and also used as a condiment. Other herbs were grown, notably mint and rue, which was used mainly for medicinal purposes. Pine nuts, spice, dates, carob beams, walnuts and persimmon were common in Palestine.   

SALT

Salt was plentiful, coming from the vast salt pans of the Dead Sea. Because of its function as a food preservative, it was a symbol of permanence.   

SWEETENING

Food was sweetened with fig or carob syrup, as sugar was unknown in Bible times. The honey of the Bible was probably date honey. Bee’s honey was a treat for Samson’s family, but it became more common later in Israel’s history.   

FRUITS

Fruit trees abounded in Israel. The people were promised a land of wheat and barley, of vines and fig trees and pomegranates, a land of olive trees and honey. They got it.   

Figs were the most important fruit. Fig trees grew all over the countryside. The annual first-fruits of figs were a great delicacy, much prized. Dates were eaten fresh, but they were also dried and pressed into a solid mass so that they could be stored, or transported and sold.   

Other fruit trees included the pomegranate, quince, sycamore or fig-mulberry. Varieties of almonds and walnuts are also mentioned.   

Date palms were a speciality in the Jericho district and provided a source of wealth for both King Herod and Cleopatra – who persuaded Mark Antony to take the plantations away from Herod and give them to her. There was, needless to say, no love lost between Herod and Cleopatra.   

WINE

Most of the grapes produced in the vineyards went into the making of wine. The country was above all “a land of wine … and vineyards” (2 Kings 18:32) and there is ample evidence of this in the remains of ancient wine presses found throughout. Wine, usually mixed with water, was a standard item of diet.   

OLIVES

Olives were grown for oil, which supplied most of the modern uses of butter and other fats in cooking. The olives themselves, preserved in brine, were a favourite delicacy and also an important article of food. As in ancient Greece, olives, onions and bread could and did sustain labourers and soldiers for long periods. The most important use of the olive, however, was to provide oil.   

MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS

Milk from ewes and goats was readily available and dairy products —milk, butter and cheeses— were a regular part of the diet. Jael gave Sisera milk to drink to lull him to sleep, just before she drove a tent peg through his skull – some goat’s milk products are sleep-inducing.   

MEAT AND ANIMAL FOODS

Meat was highly regarded and was eaten on high holidays or offered to especially honoured guests. The earliest Passover meal was a roast lamb eaten with bitter herbs and unleavened bread. Throughout the monarchy, meat remained a luxury to the poorer people but it became a regular provision for the tables of the wealthy   

Right up to New Testament times, the most delectable fare continued to be the “fatted calf“, a specially fattened calf taken directly from the herd to be cooked for the table.   

The flesh of the goat, especially young kids, was also highly valued although as meat became more plentiful in post-Exilic times, a well-fleeced lamb was preferred and kid became the most frequent sacrificial animal and the one most commonly eaten. This gives point to the complaint of the Prodigal Son’s elder brother that he had served his father many years and never disobeyed a command, yet he had never been given even a kid that he “might make merry with my friends”.   

POULTRY AND EGGS

Eggs were eaten, as were fatted fowl such as geese and chickens. Other edible birds included pigeons, partridges and quail. King Herod the Great had a large number of pigeon coops at his fortress-palace of Masada, and he (or rather, his pigeon-keepers) developed a new breed of pigeon.   

INSECTS AND FISH

 

John the Baptist lived on locusts and wild honey in the wilderness. This sounds grisly, but in fact the head, wings and legs or the locust were removed and the body fried in rendered butter, or preserved in salt.   

The fishing industry exploited the fresh-water fish of the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan. The majority of Jesus’ disciples and probably many of his other followers were fishermen.   

In addition to supplying fresh fish for the local market, fish were also salted, then cured in the sun. Cured fish were at all times a popular provision for a journey. Jesus’ miracle of feeding the five thousand (Mt. 15:32-38) was probably performed with cured fish.   

Magdala was a center of the dried fish industry. Odd to think that Mary Magdalene, who probably underwrote Jesus financially, was more likely to have made her money from the dried fish industry than from prostitution, as the Christian churches would have it.   

COOKING

In the time of the Patriarchs and Matriarchs, there were no kitchens. Food was cooked in the open ‘before the tent’. Later, when people lived a more settled life, cooking was done in the closed courtyards of houses.   

In general, meat was either boiled in a stew in an earthenware pot or roasted over an open fire.   

Pancakes made of flour dough and filled with a tasty mixture were fried in oil or baked on hot stones pulled out of the embers of a fire. When Gideon wished to honour his angelic messenger he prepared a meal of unleavened cakes made of flour, boiled meat, and broth in a pot.   

Fish would be roasted on a charcoal fire, generally using a wooden or iron spit, although the fish eaten by the disciples of Jesus was cooked directly on the charcoal.   

Cereals like wheat and barley were roasted on an iron plate or in a pan to make the parched corn mentioned above, or they might be boiled in a pot to make a coarse porridge. Vegetables were sometimes added to the grain to make a stew.   

BAKING

The cakes the widow of Zarephath made for Elijah with a handful of meal were baked on hot stones and covered with embers. Thin wafers of dough spread with oil, sometimes strewn with seeds, were baked in an earthenware oven. Sometimes cakes would be baked with honey.   

COOKING UTENSILS

Iron utensils used in baking and cooking were the griddle or baking pan, which was a shallow iron plate, and the frying pan. Ordinary cooking dishes and pots were at first of baked, unglazed clay, while ritual vessels and a few special dishes were of copper.   

Knives to cut meat were at first made of flint, later of bronze. Forks were not used, apart from a single large one for lifting the pieces of meat out of the pot, a three-pronged fork.   

HEARTHS

Cooking was often done on an open hearth.   

Most houses excavated have a depression of varying dimensions in the floor, either in the centre or in a corner, bearing clear traces of fire. Obviously, this was the family hearth.   

Sometimes more elaborate hearths (ovens) were built. The oven used to bake bread was a portable jar or receptacle of terra cotta, which could be heated over a fire.   

MEALS

Breakfast did not call for any cooking and was simply a light meal of bread and olives, with an onion or any other fruit or vegetable which might be in season.   

The midday meal was eaten at noon in the fields or at home, and consisted of bread soaked in wine with a handful of parched corn, a pottage of bread broken into a bowl, or bread and grilled fish.   

The main meal of the day was eaten in the evening, according to the Bible and Josephus, usually a little before and after sunset, before it became pitch dark.   

FURNITURE

Ordinary people sat on the ground to eat, on cushions, mats of straw or woven rugs. For the wealthy, food was served on low wooden tables with people sitting around on couches or divans. This appears to have been the practice at Qumran.   

_________________________________________________________________   

ACTIVITIES

RECREATE A BIBLE MEAL

Try a biblical meal today. Here’s a list of items you could use:   

Turkish flat bread or a plain biscuit   

Roast or stewed lamb, either hot or cold   

Cheese, yogurt or butter   

Dried or fresh fruit   

Fish, eggs or chicken   

Olives   

Wine   

Dried fruit, honey   

Salad vegetables   

BIBLE RECIPE

Bible Recipes: The food items in this article are highlighted for easy reading.   

Pick any ingredients that appeal to you and invent a simple recipe.   

Submit your recipe to womeninthebible@hotmail.com, and see it on this page.   

   

SUMMARY

People in the ancient world were dependent on the weather – much more than we are today. In good seasons they ate well. In bad seasons they often went hungry, or even starved. 

They coped with this uncertainty in two ways: they learned to dry and store food so that they had reserve stocks – as the Bible describes, and they developed a stoic faith in God’s love and providence. 

Their diet was more varied and tasty than people realize. You can put this to the test by living on biblical foodstuffs for a week. See if you can do it!